HISTORY OF ENTOMOLOGY IN INDIA AND POSITION OF INSECTS IN ANIMAL
KINGDOM AND ITS RELATIONSHIP WITH OTHER ARTHROPODA
History of Entomology in India
1758 - 10th edition of Systema Naturae Linnaeus with only 12 Indian insects which was the earliest record.
1779 - Dr. J.G. Koenig - Medical Officer initiated the work on Indian insects on scientific lines.
He also published a special account of the termites of Thanjavur District.
1782 - Dr. Kerr Published on account of lac insect.
1785 - Asiatic Society of Bengal started in Calcutta and many papers were published in the
Societys publications.
- Roxburgh (Botanist) published a detailed account of lac insect.
- Dr. J. Anderson issued a monograph on Cochineal scale insects
1800 - Buchanan (Traveller) wrote on the cultivation of lac in India and on sericulture in some parts of South India. Denovan published Natural History of Insects which was the first contribution on the insects of Asia and was revised in 1842 by West Wood.
1875 - Foundation of the Indian Museum at Calcutta
1883 - Bombay Natural History Society was started. After the foundation of these two organisations scientific studies received greater attention in India. Numerous contributions of
Indian insects were published in the Journal of the Bombay Natural History.
- Hampson issued four volumes on months of India
- Rothney published on Indian Ants (earliest record of biological pest control in India) i.e.
White ants attach on stationary items was kept free by red ants.
Government of India commenced the publication of the Fauna of British India series
1897 - Bingham's issued volumes on "Hymenoptera' (Ants, bees and wasps). Since than volumes on other groups of insects like Coleoptera (beetles), Hemiptera (bugs), Odonata
(dragenfly and damselfly), etc., were published.
1889 - Indian Museum, Calcutta published the Indian Museum Notes in five volumes.
1903 - which contributed much on economic entomology and applied entomology in India.
19th Century marks the major progress and expansions in the field of applied entomology.
1901 - (Lionel de Nicevelle) posting of the first entomologist to the Government of India. 1905 - Establishment of Imperial Agricultural Research Institute at Pusa (Bihar). Subsequently this Institute was shifted to New Delhi as Indian Agricultural Research Institute.
1906 - “Indian Insect Pests” & “Indian Insect Life” Books by Professor Maxwell. Lefroy, Head, Division of Entomology, IARI, New Delhi. Subsequently State Governments also took up entomological work. Madras, Punjab and Uthar Pradesh appointed their first Government Entomologists in 1912, 1919 and 1922 respectively.
1914 - T.B. Fletcher, the first Government Entomologist of Madras State, published his book "Some South Indian Insects".
1916 - The Natural History Section of the Indian Museum was formed as the Zoological
Survey of India.
1921 - Indian Central Cotton Committee to investigate on pests of cotton.
1925 - Indian Lac Research Institute
1940 - Dr. T.V. Ramakrishna Ayyar published the book "Handbook of Economic Entomology" which met the long felt need of the students of Agriculture and agricultural scientists as well.
- Dr. M.S. Mani's "General Entomology"
- Dr. H.s. Pruth's "Textbook of Agricultural Entomology". Dr. Pradhan's "Insect Pests of
Crops"
1946 - Government of India started the "Directorate of plant protection".
1960 - "The Desert Locust in India" monograph by Y.R. Rao.
1969 - "The monograph on Indian Thysanoptera" by Dr. T.N. Ananthakrishnan
THEORY Basic Statistics - Introduction and importance. Statistics, parameters, observation, recording and graphical representation of data. Probability and probability distributions: binomial, Poisson and normal. Measures of central tendency and measures of dispersion (simple and grouped data): Moments and skewness to kurtosis. Correlation and regression. Tests of hypothesis and t, Z, X2 and F tests of significance and their inter-relationship. Livestock census procedure and census. Introduction to sample survey methods for livestock and livestock products. Bioassay-meaning and uses. Experimental designs - Completely Randomized Design (C.R.D.) and Randomized Block Design (R.B.D). Analysis of variance. Computer application - Computer and its components; Types of computers, Hardware, software, human ware and firm ware. Type of memories. Computer languages and their scope and limitations. Computer programming: Data types: Constants, variables, expressions, operations, functions, flow charts, commands, simple programs and their execution – scope and limitations. Data base management system: Storage of data, filing, retrieving, and reproduction. Use of computer in animal husbandry and veterinary practices.
PRACTICAL Systematic approach of data, tabulation; simple probability problems. Estimation of measures of central tendency (mean, median, mode) and estimation of measures of dispersion (variance, standard deviation, standard error and coefficient of variation): for simple and grouped data. Graphical representation of data. Tests of significance –t, Z, X2 and F tests. Estimation of correlation. Estimation of regression. Analysis of variance: C.R.D., R.B.D. Computer basics and components of computer. Simple operations: Entering and saving biological data, database management systems. MS-Office. Spread sheet. Internet, e-mail and geographic information system (GIS). DEMONSTRATION Use of word processor and spreadsheet. Graphics and their uses. Data retrieving and analysis through computer (Data base). Use of local area network (LAN) and other network systems. Retrieving library information through network. G.I.S. and its use.
Rich in anthocyanin (1.0 ppm) in comparison to negligible content in popular varieties
Rich in iron (5.6-6.1 mg/100g), zinc (0.64-0.69 mg/100g)and vitamin-C (19.4-19.8 mg/100 g) in fresh arils incomparison to 2.7-3.2 mg/ 100g iron, 0.50-0.54 mg/100gzinc and 14.2-14.6 mg/100g vitamin-C in popular variety
The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) has raised the projection for India’s economic growth rate by 4.7 per centage points at 12.6 per cent for 2021-22. That would enable India to retain its earlier tag of the fastest growing large economy in the world.
In its interim report on economic outlook, OECD said: “Activity moved above pre-pandemic levels in China, India, and Turkey, helped by strong fiscal and quasi-fiscal measures and a recovery in manufacturing and construction.” It, however, pegged economic growth rate to come down to 5.4 per cent in 2022-23, which would be higher by 0.6 percentage points than its earlier estimates. That year, India would share its fastest-growing large economy tag with Indonesia, according to the OECD. This meant that economic rebound in 2021-22 would largely be a statistical illusion due to low base effect.
The Indian economy was officially projected to decline by 8 per cent in the current fiscal year. However, OECD believes that contraction would be less steep at 7.4 per cent. In the report, titled “Strengthening the recovery: The need for speed”, OECD said fiscal measures announced in India and a few other countries would help growth in 2021-22 as well.
“Additional discretionary fiscal measures announced in several countries during the past three months will add to the overall support, including in the US, Japan, Germany, Canada, and India,” the report said.
The average yield of early maturing rice variety GR-17 is 5566 kg/ha in Gujarat. It exhibited overall 15.4, 9.8 and 2.2 per cent grain yield superiority over the checks Jaya, Gurjari and GNR-3, respectively in addition to earliness by 8 days over GNR-3. Long bold grain rice culture GR-17 possesses good grain quality, intermediate amylose and high head rice recovery. The proposed variety is moderately resistant against bacterial leaf blight, leaf blast, grain discoloration and sheath rot. The proposed variety showed moderately resistant reaction against WBPH and leaf folder. Rice variety NVSR-2117 is recommended for transplanted rice growing areas of Gujarat as GR-17.
• Country’s first provitamin-A rich cauliflower• Rich in provitamin-A (8.0-10.0 ppm) in comparisontonegligible content in popular varieties
SYLLABUS THEORY Importance of nutrients in animal production and health. Composition of animal body and plants. Nutritional terms and their definitions. Importance of minerals (major and trace elements) and vitamins in health and production, their requirements and supplementation in feed. Common feeds and fodders, their classification, availability and importance for livestock and poultry production. Measures of food energy and their applications – gross energy, digestible energy, metabolisable energy, net energy, total digestible nutrients, starch equivalent, food units, physiological fuel value. Direct and indirect calorimetry, carbon and nitrogen balance studies. Protein evaluation of feeds – Measures of protein quality in ruminants and non-ruminants, biological value of protein, protein efficiency ratio, protein equivalent, and digestible crude protein. Calorie protein ratio. Nutritie ratio. Various physical, chemical and biological methods of feed processing for improving the nutritive value of inferior quality roughages. Preparation, storage and conservation of livestock feed through silage and hay and their uses in livestock feeding. Harmful natural constituents and common adulterants of feeds and fodders. Feed additives in the rations of livestock and poultry; Antibiotics and hormonal compounds and other growth stimulants, and their uses. PRACTICAL Farmiliarisation of various feed stuff, fodders and their selection. Preparation and processing of samples for chemical analysis – herbage, faeces, urine and silages. Drvet.in 2020 Weende’s System of analysis – Estimation of dry matter, total ash, acid insoluble ash, crude protein, ether extract, crude fibre, nitrogen free extract. Calcium and phosphorus in feed samples. Demonstration of detergent methods of forage analysis. Qualitative detection of undesirable constituents and common adulterants of feed. Demonstration of laboratory ensiling of green fodders. Silage pit preparation.
The word ‘extension’ is derived from the Latin roots, ‘ex’ – meaning ‘out’ and ‘tensio’ meaning ‘stretching’. Stretching out is the meaning of extension. The word ‘extension’ came to be used originally in USA during 1914 which means “a branch of a university for students who cannot attend the university proper. In other words, the word “extension” signifies an out-ofschool system of education.
Published By: TNAU
Compiled By: AgriEventsIndia
Surveying is defines as the art of determining the relative positions of various points above, on or below the surface of the earth.
The ultimate object of survey is to prepare a map or plant using the data obtained through the survey. The collection of data by linear and angular measurements and elevation difference is called the field work. The processing of data plotting and computation of area and volume are called office work.
Use of agricultural survey
Surveying is primarily divided into two types.
Plane surveying
Geodetic surveying
Agricultural surveying is the simplest form of plane surveying. With the use of survey, the boundaries of fields can be correctly located and area can be accurately computed. Land leveling and grading may be perfectly done if the differences in elevations are known. Alignments of canals for irrigation and drainage can be effectively done by proper surveying. Surveying plays a vital role in soil conservation measures like contour bunding, graded bunding, bench terracing construction of farm ponds and percolation ponds etc. In addition to this, surveying plays a key role in laying underground pipe line system, alignment of irrigation channels, drainage systems, farm roads and farm stead construction etc.
For linear and angular measurements in the plains, chain, compass and plane table surveys are used with necessary instruments. To determine the difference in elevation a dumpy level is used. The details of instruments used in each survey are given below:
Chain survey
Chain and Tape
Cross Staff
Ranging rods
Offset Rods
Arrows
2.Compass Survey
Prismatic Compass
Chain
Ranging Rods
Offset Rods
3.Plane Table Survey
Plane Table with Tripod Stand
Alidade
Trough Compass
‘U’ frame with plumb bob
Spirit Level
Chain
Ranging Rods
4. Leveling
Dumpy Level
Tripod Stand
Telescopic Metric Staff
Aim: To locate the boundaries of a given field and also to determine the area. Instruments required: Chain, Cross staff, Arrows, Ranging rods and Offset rods Procedure: In order to calculate the area of any irregular shaped field, it is necessary to divide that area into number of right angled triangles and trapezoids. Corners along the boundary of the field should be first identified and named as A, B, C, D, E, F, G etc. in clockwise direction. Any two stations located in opposite sides should be selected in such a way that distance between them is the longest of other stations and almost equal numbers of corners/ stations are located on both sides. Chaining should be started along the base line and offset distance to the corners on both sides to be measured simultaneously after ranging, as already explained. All the details should be entered in the field book.
Care should be taken that no offset is overlooked before the chain is moved forward. To check the accuracy of the field work boundary line between any two corners should be measured directly and compared. After the field work is over the survey data may be plotted to a suitable scale on a drawing paper.
measure of dominance:
More number of species: In the animal kingdom more than 85 per cent of the species belongs to insect group. Total number of insects described so far is more than 9 lakhs.
Large number of individuals in a single species:
e.g., Locust swarm comprising of 109 number of individuals, occupying large area.
Great variety of habitats: Insects thrive well under varied conditions.
Long geological history: Insects were known to occupy this earth for more than 350 million years, which is a good track record. This has given the insects great variety of adoptions under different conditions.
reasons for dominance:
Capacity for flight: Insects posess wings, which is the lateral extension of exoskeleton. Insects are the earliest animals and the only flying invertebrates. Flight is used for the following purpose.
i. To seek food, mate, shelter and oviposition sites ii. To colonize in a new habitat and also to exchange habitat. iii. To escape from enemies and unfavourable conditions. iv. To migrate (i.e. for long distance travel e.g. Locusts)
Adaptability or Universality: Insects are the earliest groups to make their life on the earth and to occupy vast habitats of soil and water.
Found in wide range of climatic conditions, from -50C to 40C.
Psilopa petroli found in crude petroleum well. i Ephydra fly living in great salt lake. iv. Every flowering plant providing food for one or many Phytophagous insects.
Even the decomposing materials serving as food for many Saprophagous insects.
Many Carnivorous insects are parasitic on other animals and insects.
3. Size: Majority of insects are small conferring the following physiological and ecological advantages.
Exploitation of numerous ecological niches inaccessible for other animals.
Less space, food, time and energy requirements for development and sustaining life. i Energy Utilization maximum. iv. Less gravitational effect.
Muscular action and tracheal respiration more effective.
Easy escape from enemies.
Exoskeleton: Insect body is covered with an outer cuticle called exoskeleton which is made up of a cuticular protein called Chitin. This is light in weight and gives strength, rigidity and flexibility to the insect body.
Early maturing upland rice variety GR-16 recorded 2983 kg/ha mean grain yield in Gujarat. It exhibited overall 10.6 and 29.0 per cent grain yield superiority over the checks Purna and GR-5, respectively. Long bold variety GR-16 possesses good grain quality, intermediate amylose and high head rice recovery. The proposed variety showed moderately resistant reaction against leaf blast. The proposed variety showed moderately resistant against insect pest like stem borer and sheath mite. The rice variety NVSR-2233 is recommended for upland rice growing areas of Gujarat as GR-16.
The rice Variety GNR-7 (5740 kg/ha) performed very well in South Gujarat where it exhibited overall 13.0 %, 22.8% and 12.4 % grain yield superiority with easy threshability over the checks GNR-2, GR-11 and GAR-13, respectively. It has short slender grain, high productive tillers and number of grains per panicle with good quality characters. GNR-7 is moderately resistant against bacterial leaf blight, grain discoloration and sheath rot. It showed tolerant to pest like BPH and moderate resistance against stem borer, leaf folder and sheath mite. Rice variety GNR-7 is recommended for normal rice growing areas of South Gujarat.
Insects are invertebrates grouped in the phylum Arthropoda (Subphylum : Uniramia) Characters of the Phylum Arthropoda: (Arthro-joint, poda-foot)
Segmented body
Segments grouped into 2 or 3 regions known as Tagmosis i Renewable chitinous exoskeleton iv. Grow by moulting
v. Bilateral symmetry vi. Body cavity filled with blood-Haemocoel vii. Tubular alimentary canal with mouth and anus viii. Dorsal heart with ostia ix. Dorsal brain with ventral nerve cord
x. Striated muscles xi. No cilia xii. Paired segmented appendages
Classification: 7 classes.
Phylum : Arthropoda
Classes :
Onychophora (claw bearing)e.g. Peripatus
Crustacea (Crusta - shell)e.g. Prawn, crab, wood louse
Arachnida (Arachne - spider)e.g. Scorpion, spider, tick, mite
Chilopoda (Chilo - lip; poda - appendage)e.g. Centipedes
Diplopoda (Diplo - two; poda- - appendage)e.g. Millipede
Trilobita (an extinct group)
Aim: To determine the area of the given field by radiation and intersection method using a prismatic compass. Instruments required: Prismatic Compass, Chain, Arrows, and Ranging rods Procedure: After conducting the reconnaissance survey, the surveyor should fix up the positions of all the station, around the given field as usual. The survey may be conducted under the following methods. (1) Radiation method (2) Intersection method
RADIATION METHOD
(a) Field work
In this method, the approximate centre of the field is located and the compass is exactly centered over that stations, say ‘O’ by dropping a small pebble to fall from the centre of the compass and hit the peg. Then make the compass needle horizontal by adjusting the ball and socket joint. After centering and leveling of the compass, raise the sighting vane and prism of compass. The compass box is rotated until the ranging rod at first station ‘A’ hairline of object vane and slit of the sighting vane are in the same line. Then take the reading accurately and note down the bearing of line OA. In the similar way take bearing of lines OB, OC, OD and OE by rotating the compass box in the respective directions. The readings will indicate the angles with which the line, OA, OB, OC, OD and OE makes with the north line. Then with the help of chain, measure the distances OA, OB, OC, OD and OE on ground, after proper ranging.
(b) PlottingBy knowing the observed bearings and distances to all the stations from the centre‘O’ the plan of the plot can be easily drawn by adopting a suitable scale. Join the stationpoints A, B, C, D, E which will indicate the plan of the plot. The area enclosed by theplot may be calculated by splitting the plan into number of triangles.
Rich in protein (10.3 %) in polished grains incomparison to 7.0-8.0 % in popular varieties
Rich in zinc (24.9 ppm) in polished grains in comparisonto 12.0-16.0 ppm in popular varieties